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The committee of the commons May 22nd, 2022 by

Vea la versión en español a continuación

I usually take a dim view of bureaucracy, but a committee may help stop overgrazing as much as a good fence, as I learned this April, in the community of Canrey Chico, in Ancash, Peru.

About 1993, almost 30 years ago, a young teacher, Vidal Rondán, was hired to be a ranger in the Huascarán National Park. Two years later, he had been hired by the Mountain Institute, an NGO, to work with local communities in the high Andes around the park. In 1998 Vidal organized the farmers into a local agricultural research committee, also known as a CIAL. The committee had 11 farmer-members elected by their community to do research on a pressing problem.

The community loaned the CIAL a two-hectare plot to do experiments on cattle grazing for the 120 members of the Cordillera Blanca Farmers’ Association, which collectively managed the lands of a former hacienda. The CIAL spent a year studying topics like organic fertilization, irrigation and fencing. The results were so promising that the community gave the committee 40 hectares to do more experiments

As community member Dalia Rodríguez explained, before the CIAL, the cattle roamed loose, eating whatever grasses they wanted. Such permissive grazing may seem fine, but over the years the cows and sheep eat all their favorite grasses down to the nub, and the nasty plants encroach on the pasture.

In the 1990s, when the community learned about the CIAL’s research, they began rotating the cattle between smaller, fenced areas. That obliged the livestock to eat more plant species, not just the tastiest ones. As doña Delia explained, in the dry season, folks began keeping the cattle on open pasture in the high country, and in the rainy season moving the cows to fenced grazing closer to the farmsteads.

The members of the Cordillera Blanca farmers’ association own about 600 head of cows, including 58 that are managed collectively. To avoid overgrazing, each community member is limited to a maximum of 25 cows. Movements and numbers of animals are overseen by a board of directors of the Cordillera Blanca Farmers’ Association, which has a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer and various committees on areas like grazing, equipment, and fence. The board members and the committees meet once a month.

Paul and Marcella and I were lucky enough to visit Cordillera Blanca for one of their monthly meetings, which started promptly at 9 AM. Weather-beaten farmers, dressed in their work clothes, filled the small room of an old adobe house. After a while they sent word to Vidal, to say that we could come inside. We briefly discussed our project to film a video about grazing. They gave us permission, and then politely dismissed us. They had business to attend to, and they could manage without any advice from friendly outsiders.

These committees decide when to move cattle down from the high country. They make sure that they don’t put the livestock into a pasture until the grass has recovered, and the seed heads are mature enough to self-seed the next year’s pasture. The board and the committees decide on when to invest in repairing fences, with the members working together to dig the post holes and stretch the barbed wire. The 120 member households meet as needed, when decisions must be approved by all community members.

The board also hires a community cowboy, who along with his wife milks all of the cows in the collective herd and sells the milk back to local women, who make cheese, which they sell. Doña Delia explains that they sell the cheese locally or feed it to their families. Selling the milk allows the community to earn an income to invest in fences, sprinkler irrigation or other tools. Rotational grazing and fences save the farmers time; they no longer have to spend hours looking for their cows.

Vidal and the CIAL are still jointly researching agricultural innovations, which the community manages within their own structure of committees. Fences may be useful bits of hardware for managing livestock, but a system of farmer-managed committees can be the software that makes the  communal grazing land work.

Related Agro-Insight blogs

Soil for a living planet

Mother and calf

Further reading

Bentley, Jeffery W., Sylvie Priou, Pedro Aley, Javier Correa, Róger Torres, Hermeregildo Equise, José Luis Quiruchi & Oscar Barea 2006 “Method, Creativity and CIALs.†International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 5(1):90-105.

Acknowledgements

The visit to Peru to film various farmer-to-farmer training videos with farmers like doña Delia was made possible with the kind support of the Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) of the McKnight Foundation. Thanks to Vidal Rondán of the Mountain Institute for introducing us to the community.

Videos on community organization

Village savings and loan associations

Farmers’ rights to seeds: experiences from Guatemala

Working in groups to save water

COMITÉ CAMPESINO

Jeff Bentley, 22 de mayo del 2022

Normalmente no soporto la burocracia, pero un comité puede ayudar a frenar el sobrepastoreo, junto con un buen cerco, como aprendí este mes de abril en la comunidad de Canrey Chico, en Ancash, Perú.

Hacia 1993, hace casi 30 años, un joven profesor, Vidal Rondán, fue contratado como guardaparque en el Parque Nacional Huascarán. Dos años después, fue contratado por el Instituto Montaño, una ONG, para trabajar con las comunidades locales en las faldas andinas, alrededor del parque. En 1998, Vidal organizó a los agricultores en un comité local de investigación agrícola, también conocido como CIAL. El comité tenía 11 miembros agricultores elegidos por su comunidad para investigar un problema serio.

La comunidad prestó al CIAL una parcela de dos hectáreas para hacer experimentos sobre el pastoreo con los 120 miembros de la Asociación Campesina de Cordillera Blanca, que maneja colectivamente las tierras de una antigua hacienda. Después de que el CIAL pasara un año estudiando temas como la fertilización orgánica, el riego y los cercos, los resultados fueron tan prometedores que la comunidad prestó al comité 40 hectáreas para trabajar específicamente en el pastoreo.

Como explicó Dalia Rodríguez, miembro de la comunidad, antes del CIAL el ganado andaba suelto, comiendo los pastos que le daban la gana. Un pastoreo tan permisivo puede parecer agradable, pero con el paso de los años las vacas y las ovejas se comen todas sus hierbas favoritas al ras del suelo, y las plantas desagradables invaden el pasto.

En la década de los 1990, cuando la comunidad aprendió de las investigaciones del CIAL, empezaron a rotar el ganado entre secciones más pequeñas y cercadas. Eso  obliga al ganado a comer más especies, no sólo las más sabrosas. Como explicó doña Delia, la gente empezó a dejar el ganado en los pastos altos en la época seca, y en la estación lluviosa se bajaban a los pastos cercados más cercanos a las casas de la gente.

Los miembros de la Asociación Campesina  Cordillera Blanca tienen unas 600 cabezas de ganado, de las cuales 58 se manejan colectivamente. Para evitar el sobrepastoreo, cada miembro de la comunidad está limitado a un máximo de 25 vacas. Los movimientos y el número de animales son supervisados por una junta directiva de la Asociación, que tiene un presidente, un vicepresidente, un secretario, una tesorera y varios comités sobre temas como el pastoreo, los equipos y el cercado. Los miembros de la junta directiva y los comités se reúnen una vez al mes.

Paul, Marcella y yo tuvimos la suerte de visitar Cordillera Blanca para asistir a una de sus reuniones mensuales, que comenzó puntualmente a las 9 de la mañana. Los campesinos quemados del sol, vestidos con su ropa de trabajo, llenaban la pequeña sala de una vieja casa de adobe. Pasado un rato, avisaron a Vidal de que podíamos entrar. Hablamos brevemente de nuestro proyecto de filmar un video sobre el pastoreo. Nos dieron permiso, y luego nos dejaron salir. Tenían asuntos que atender, y podían arreglárselas sin el consejo de gente de afuera.

Estos comités deciden cuándo bajar el ganado de la zona alta. Se aseguran de no poner el ganado en un pasto hasta que se haya recuperado y está echando espigas, para auto-sembrar el pasto del año siguiente. La junta directiva y los comités deciden cuándo invertir en la reparación de los cercos, y los miembros trabajan juntos para plantar los postes y tender el alambre de púas. Los 120 hogares miembros se reúnen cuando es necesario, y las decisiones deben ser aprobadas por todos los miembros de la comunidad.

La junta también contrata a un vaquero de la comunidad, que junto con su esposa ordeña todas las vacas del rebaño colectivo y vende la leche a las mujeres de la zona, que hacen queso. Doña Delia explica que venden el queso localmente o se lo dan a sus familias. La venta de la leche permite a la comunidad obtener ingresos para invertir en cercos, riego por aspersión u otras herramientas. El pastoreo rotativo y los cercos ahorran tiempo a los ganaderos, que ya no tienen que pasar horas buscando a sus vacas.

Vidal y el CIAL siguen investigando conjuntamente las innovaciones agrícolas, que la comunidad gestiona dentro de su propia estructura de comités. Los cercos sirven para manejar el ganado, pero algunos comités organizados por los agricultores puede ser el software que haga funcionar el pastoreo comunal.

Previamente en el blog de Agro-Insight

Soil for a living planet

Mother and calf

Lectura adicional

Bentley, Jeffery W., Sylvie Priou, Pedro Aley, Javier Correa, Róger Torres, Hermeregildo Equise, José Luis Quiruchi & Oscar Barea 2006 “Method, Creativity and CIALs.†International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 5(1):90-105.

Agradecimientos

Nuestra visita al Perú para filmar varios videos agricultor-a-agricultor con agricultoras como doña Delia fue posible gracias al generoso apoyo del Programa Colaborativo de Investigación de Cultivos (CCRP) de la Fundación McKnight. Gracias a Vidal Rondán del Instituto Montaño por presentarnos a la comunidad.

Videos sobre organizaciones comunitarias

Ahorro y crédito rural

Derechos de los agricultores y agricultoras a la semilla: Guatemala

Working in groups to save water

 

Mother and calf May 8th, 2022 by

Nederlandse versie hieronder

Estela Balabarca and her husband Feliciano Cruz, in the village of Canrey Chico, in Ancash, Peru, are in their late fifties early sixties and every day milk their 8 cows. One morning, the couple had invited us to join them while they moved their cows and calves to a new pasture, something we wanted to film for our video on rotational grazing.

Marcella, Jeff and I arrive early, to be sure we don’t miss this event. Feliciano opens the gate for us and tells us that they still need to milk their cows before moving them. Although we already had some shots from a local person milking, Marcella, who lets no moment go to waste, starts filming, while Jeff and I keep out of the frame and carefully observe how they go about milking.

All cows are tethered. Tied with a rope to a peg pounded into the soil, the animals can only graze a certain circle of pasture. Their calves are tethered a bit further down in the field. When Feliciano releases one calf, she immediately runs to her mother to suckle. From the other side of the cow, Feliciano, removes the teat from the calf’s mouth after which she quickly searches another teat to suckle on. After having repeated this several times, Feliciano knows the cow is releasing her milk. He now pulls the rope of the calf away from the mother, and inserts the peg in the soil, leaving the rope just long enough so that the calf can be nuzzled by her mother.

When you take the time to watch this scene, and see how mother and calf lovingly rub against each other, you cannot but feel tenderness for the animals and respect for the farmers who treat their animals like loving, living creatures.

Their cows look healthy, mostly crossbreeds with the Brown Swiss breed, and seeing the grasses and flowering plants as we have in Europe, and snow-peaked mountains in the back, it takes little imagination to think for a moment that you are in Switzerland.

In less than 5 minutes Estela has her bucket full of creamy milk. When I ask her how much each cow gives, she says: “Each cow gives about 6 litres of milk. You see my bucket is full, but the top is all foam.†In the evening, each cow gives another 3 to 4 litres. Both the milk and the cheese they prepare from it are sold to the local community.

After finishing milking a cow, the farmer releases the calf again. As she suckles, the calf drains the mother’s teats of any remaining milk. This ensures that the teat does not get the bacterial infection called mastitis. This painful infection of teats and udder, after which the cow may stop giving milk, is a frequent disease across the globe for which often antibiotics are used.

While industrial farming has reduced cows to milking machines who may never get to see a green pasture or have time to caress their offspring, it is encouraging that various international efforts are being made to bring back ethical values in food production. The Natural Livestock Farming Foundation (NLF) is one such great initiative that shares experiences between dairy farmers in the Netherlands, India, Uganda and Ethiopia (among others). NLF regularly organises international webinars and events on natural ways of dairy calf raising and animal health. By including examples in farmer-to-farmer training videos, such as the one we are producing on rotational grazing in Peru, we hope such respectful practices will inspire farmers across the world.

Related Agro-Insight blogs

Farming as a lifestyle

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Veterinarians and traditional animal health care

Kicking the antibiotic habit

Trust that works

Stuck in the middle

Acknowledgements

The visit to Peru to film various farmer-to-farmer training videos with farmers like doña Estela and don Fernando was made possible with the kind support of the Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) of the McKnight Foundation. Thanks to Vidal Rondán of the Mountain Institute for introducing us to the community.

Videos on how to improve livestock

See the many training videos on livestock hosted on the Access Agriculture video platform.

 

Moeder en kalf

Estela Balabarca en haar man Feliciano Cruz, in het dorp Canrey Chico, in Ancash, Peru, zijn eind vijftig begin zestig en melken elke dag hun 8 koeien. Op een ochtend had het echtpaar ons uitgenodigd om met hen mee te gaan terwijl ze hun koeien en kalveren naar een nieuwe weide verplaatsten, iets wat we wilden filmen voor onze video over rotatiebegrazing.

Marcella, Jeff en ik komen vroeg aan, om er zeker van te zijn dat we dit evenement niet missen. Feliciano opent het hek voor ons en vertelt ons dat ze hun koeien nog moeten melken voordat ze verplaatst worden. Hoewel we al enkele opnamen hadden van een lokaal persoon die aan het melken was, begint Marcella, die geen moment onbenut laat, te filmen, terwijl Jeff en ik buiten beeld blijven en zorgvuldig observeren hoe ze te werk gaan bij het melken.

Alle koeien zijn vastgebonden. Vastgebonden met een touw aan een in de grond geslagen pin, kunnen de dieren alleen grazen in een bepaalde cirkel van de weide. Hun kalveren zijn vastgebonden een eindje verderop in het veld. Als Feliciano een kalf loslaat, rent het onmiddellijk naar haar moeder om te zogen. Aan de andere kant van de koe gezeten, verwijdert Feliciano de speen uit de mond van het kalf, waarna het snel een andere speen zoekt om aan te zuigen. Na dit verschillende keren herhaald te hebben, weet Feliciano dat de koe haar melk aan het afgeven is. Hij trekt nu het touw van het kalf weg van de moeder, en steekt de pin in de grond, waarbij hij het touw net lang genoeg laat zodat het kalf door haar moeder kan worden geknuffeld.

Als je de tijd neemt om dit tafereel te bekijken, en ziet hoe moeder en kalf liefdevol tegen elkaar aan schuren, kun je niet anders dan tederheid voelen voor de dieren en respect voor de boeren die hun dieren behandelen als liefdevolle, levende wezens.

Hun koeien zien er gezond uit, meestal kruisingen van het ras Brown Swiss, en bij het zien van de grassen en bloeiende planten zoals wij die in Europa hebben, en de met sneeuw bedekte bergen op de achtergrond, is er weinig fantasie nodig om je voor een moment in Zwitserland te wanen.

In minder dan 5 minuten heeft Estela haar emmer vol romige melk. Als ik haar vraag hoeveel elke koe geeft, zegt ze: “Elke koe geeft ongeveer 6 liter melk. Je ziet dat mijn emmer vol is, maar de bovenkant is allemaal schuim.” s Avonds geeft elke koe nog eens 3 tot 4 liter. Zowel de melk als de kaas die ze ervan maken, worden verkocht aan de plaatselijke gemeenschap.

Nadat de boer klaar is met het melken van de koe, laat hij het kalf weer vrij. Terwijl het kalf zoogt, onttrekt het de resterende melk aan de spenen van de moeder. Dit zorgt ervoor dat de speen niet de bacteriële infectie oploopt die mastitis wordt genoemd. Deze pijnlijke infectie van spenen en uier, waarna de koe kan stoppen met het geven van melk, is een veel voorkomende ziekte over de hele wereld waarvoor vaak antibiotica worden gebruikt.

Terwijl de industriële landbouw koeien tot melkmachines heeft gereduceerd die misschien nooit een groene weide te zien krijgen of tijd hebben om hun kalveren te strelen, is het bemoedigend dat er diverse internationale inspanningen worden geleverd om ethische waarden in de voedselproductie terug te brengen. De Natural Livestock Farming Foundation (NLF) is zo’n geweldig initiatief dat ervaringen uitwisselt tussen melkveehouders in onder meer Nederland, India, Oeganda en Ethiopië. NLF organiseert regelmatig internationale webinars en evenementen over natuurlijke manieren van melkkalveropfok en dierengezondheid. Door voorbeelden op te nemen in trainingsvideo’s van boer tot boer, zoals de video die we momenteel maken over rotatiebegrazing in Peru, hopen we dat dergelijke respectvolle praktijken boeren over de hele wereld zullen inspireren.

Farming as a lifestyle May 1st, 2022 by

Nederlandse versie hieronder

In the Andes mountains of Peru, cattle and sheep are part of many rural families’ livelihoods. Large landowners used to own haciendas, large farms and ranches, often spanning an area of several villages. But during the land reform of the 1990s the haciendas were divided up among the families who worked the land. Some of the extensive grazing lands were given to community associations. Today, many people in the communities own a few hectares of private land. Besides grazing their animals on their private paddocks, during part of the year they also let their animals graze on communal land.

During our filming trip, Marcella, Jeff and I spent a week interacting with farmers in the village of Canrey Chico, at about 3,200 meters above sea level. We learned that the community association regulates its communal grazing land carefully, through various local committees: some in charge of managing fences, others deal with managing the pasture, or selling the milk of the 58 community cows. On top of these, individual families own their own cows, about 550, an average of 6 cows per family. To avoid overgrazing, a household is not allowed to own more than 25 cows.

One day, we drove up the rocky road to visit farmers in what locals call the high country. At over 4,300 meters, the vegetation is much drier: patches of dried ichu, or needle grass, dot the rocky soil. Lichens and some delicate flowers become apparent only when one takes a closer look. Driving through a river with crystal clear water and breath-taking landscapes with snow-capped mountains lining the horizon, we wonder where we are heading. Then, all of a sudden, after having crossed another slope, we spot a small farmhouse with a green field that turns out to be oats on closer inspection..

Robert Balabarca, president of the Cordillera Blanca farmers’ association, who is our local guide, quickly notices that no one is at home. There is no telephone signal and the farmer whom we were supposed to meet has already left with his herd. This is a good reminder that farmers anywhere in the world are busy people, and one should never be late to an appointment. (We had spent more time than we had bargained for earlier that morning, admiring some native forest trees planted by the community to stop wind erosion). As we wonder what to do, Robert spots a woman with  a flock of sheep in the distance. With a little effort, we finally see them, too.  We start walking towards the flock with all our filming gear, crossing various bofedales, high Andean wetlands, where the stones are slippery with moss and the water is cold and can quickly fill your boots. We find the landscape difficult to walk through, but the shepherdess, Trinidad León moves her animals quickly through it and invites us to follow her to her house.

I notice a small dome-shaped, woven structure raised on wooden poles and I wonder what this is for, to be told that this is their cupboard where they keep their bread, cheese and other food, out of reach of animals.

Before we interview Trinidad on camera, she explains how they manage their dairy cows and sheep. Although they bought a small house in Huaraz, the nearest city, to send their children to secondary school, the couple has been living permanently in the countryside for 30 years, leading a simple life. They are one of the few families living on the communal land.

Trinidad and her husband keep their animals overnight in a corral, where the animals defecate and urinate, forming a thick crust of organic fertilizer. After 2 to 3 months, the family makes a corral in a different place, ploughs the manure into the soil and plants oats and barley as green fodder. The water that flows nearby helps to irrigate the plot in the dry season. Every day, they cut some fodder to feed the animals a nutritious meal when they return from grazing. After cutting all the green fodder, they let the animals graze on the stubble, while planting more fodder in a different corral. Jeff and I are intrigued by this highly creative way of ensuring fodder throughout the year, so we decide to capture all this on video to inspire farmers in other parts of the world.

“My sheep are nice and fat and ready to be sold,†says Trinidad, while we give her a lift to town. When I ask her how she manages to get her sheep to town, she says that either people come with a truck to buy animals, or she walks them to the nearest village some 10 kilometres away, where she can load a few sheep onto a rural bus, going to the city.

This visit has shown once more how farming is not just a profession, but a functional lifestyle that some people are keen to preserve. Small-scale farming allows some people to live in a place they love, educate their children, and produce attractive products, like sheep and cheese, that city people want to buy.

Related Agro-Insight blogs

You can’t kill your weeds and eat them too

Choosing to farm

Dung talk

To fence or not to fence

Caring for animals, with plants

Veterinarians and traditional animal health care

Acknowledgements

The visit to Peru to film various farmer-to-farmer training videos with farmers like Trinidad was made possible with the kind support of the Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) of the McKnight Foundation. Thanks to Vidal Rondán of the Mountain Institute for introducing us to the community.

Videos on how to improve livestock

See the many training videos on livestock hosted on the Access Agriculture video platform.

 

Landbouw als levensstijl

In het Andesgebergte in Peru zijn runderen en schapen een onderdeel van het levensonderhoud van veel plattelandsgezinnen. Vroeger waren grootgrondbezitters eigenaar van haciënda’s, grote boerderijen en ranches, die vaak een gebied van meerdere dorpen besloegen. Maar tijdens de landhervorming van de jaren ’90 werden de haciendas verdeeld onder de families die het land bewerkten. Sommige van de uitgestrekte weidegronden werden aan gemeenschapsverenigingen gegeven. Tegenwoordig bezitten veel mensen in de dorpen een paar hectare privé-land. Naast het weiden van hun dieren op hun privéweiden, laten zij hun dieren gedurende een deel van het jaar ook grazen op gemeenschapsgronden.

Tijdens onze filmreis hebben Marcella, Jeff en ik een week lang contact gehad met boeren in het dorp Canrey Chico, op ongeveer 3.200 meter boven zeeniveau. We leerden dat de gemeenschapsvereniging haar gemeenschappelijke weidegronden zorgvuldig regelt, via verschillende lokale comités: sommigen zijn belast met het beheer van omheiningen, anderen houden zich bezig met het beheer van de weides, of met de verkoop van de melk van de 58 gemeenschappelijke koeien. Daarnaast hebben individuele gezinnen hun eigen koeien, ongeveer 550, een gemiddelde van 6 koeien per gezin. Om overbegrazing te voorkomen, mag een gezin niet meer dan 25 koeien bezitten.

Op een dag reden we de rotsachtige weg op om boeren te bezoeken in wat de plaatselijke bevolking het hoogland noemt. Op een hoogte van meer dan 4.300 meter is de vegetatie veel droger: op de rotsige bodem groeien opgedroogde ichu, of naaldgras. Korstmossen en enkele tere bloemen worden pas duidelijk als je beter kijkt. Rijdend door een rivier met kristalhelder water en adembenemende landschappen met besneeuwde bergtoppen aan de horizon, vragen we ons af waar we heen gaan. Dan, plotseling, na weer een helling te hebben overgestoken, zien we een kleine boerderij met een groen veld dat van dichterbij haver blijkt te zijn.

Robert Balabarca, voorzitter van de boerenvereniging van de Cordillera Blanca, die onze plaatselijke gids is, merkt al snel dat er niemand thuis is. Er is geen telefoonsignaal en de boer die we zouden ontmoeten is al vertrokken met zijn kudde. Dit is een goede herinnering aan het feit dat boeren overal ter wereld drukbezette mensen zijn, en dat je nooit te laat op een afspraak moet komen. (We hadden eerder die ochtend meer tijd doorgebracht dan we hadden verwacht, toen we enkele inheemse bomen bewonderden die door de gemeenschap waren geplant om winderosie tegen te gaan). Terwijl we ons afvragen wat we moeten doen, ziet Robert in de verte een vrouw met een kudde schapen. Met een beetje moeite zien wij ze eindelijk ook.  Met al onze filmspullen beginnen we naar de kudde toe te lopen, dwars door verschillende bofedales, hooggelegen wetlands in de Andes, waar de stenen glibberig zijn van het mos en het water koud is en je schoenen snel vol kunnen lopen. We vinden het landschap moeilijk begaanbaar, maar de herderin, Trinidad León beweegt haar dieren er snel doorheen en nodigt ons uit haar te volgen naar haar huis.

Ik zie een kleine koepelvormige, gevlochten structuur op houten palen staan en vraag me af waar dit voor is, om te horen te krijgen dat dit hun kast is waar ze hun brood, kaas en ander voedsel bewaren, buiten het bereik van dieren.

Voordat we Trinidad voor de camera interviewen, legt ze uit hoe ze met hun melkkoeien en schapen omgaan. Hoewel ze een huisje kochten in Huaraz, de dichtstbijzijnde stad, om hun kinderen van secundair onderwijs te laten genieten, leven het echtpaar reeds 30 jaar permanent op het platteland om een eenvoudig leven te leiden. Ze zijn een van de weinige families die op het gemeenschapsland wonen.

Trinidad en haar man houden hun dieren ‘s nachts in een kraal, waar de dieren zich ontlasten en urineren en zo een dikke korst organische meststof vormen. Na 2 tot 3 maanden maakt de familie een kraal op een andere plaats, ploegt de mest in de grond en plant haver en gerst als groenvoeder. Het water dat in de buurt stroomt, helpt om het perceel in het droge seizoen te irrigeren. Elke dag snijden ze wat groenvoer om de dieren een voedzame maaltijd te geven als ze terugkomen van het grazen. Nadat al het groenvoer is gemaaid, laten ze de dieren grazen op de stoppels, terwijl ze in een andere kraal meer voer planten. Jeff en ik zijn geïntrigeerd door deze uiterst creatieve manier om het hele jaar door voor veevoer te zorgen, dus besluiten we dit alles op video vast te leggen om boeren in andere delen van de wereld te inspireren.

“Mijn schapen zijn lekker dik en klaar om verkocht te worden,” zegt Trinidad, terwijl we haar een lift naar de stad geven. Als ik haar vraag hoe ze haar schapen naar de stad krijgt, zegt ze dat er ofwel mensen met een vrachtwagen komen om dieren te kopen, of dat ze ze naar het dichtstbijzijnde dorp zo’n 10 kilometer verderop brengt, waar ze een paar schapen op een plattelandsbus kan laden, die naar de stad gaat.

Dit bezoek heeft eens te meer aangetoond dat landbouw niet zomaar een beroep is, maar een functionele levensstijl die sommige mensen graag in stand willen houden. Kleinschalige landbouw stelt sommige mensen in staat te leven op een plek waar ze van houden, hun kinderen op te voeden, en aantrekkelijke producten te produceren, zoals schapen en kaas, die stadsmensen willen kopen.

What is a women’s association about? March 20th, 2022 by

Vea la versión en español a continuación

When you write a story, you should know what it is about. According to this good old advice, if you know what your story is about, you’ll know what to put in and what to leave out.

In Ecuador, community organizer, Ing. Guadalupe Padilla, has told me that belonging to a group can help women gain leadership experience. Women become leaders as they work in a group, not in isolation. Guadalupe has helped to organize several such groups. Like a story, the group has to be about something. It has to have a purpose. And that purpose can easily be related to agriculture.

In Cotopaxi, Ecuador recently, while working with Paul and Marcella to film a video on women’s organizations, we met Juan Chillagana, vice-president of the parish (town) council. As an elected, local official, Mr. Chillagana has mentored several women’s organizations, each one organized around a specific product. We caught up with him on 4 February as he met with a group of women who were growing and exporting goldenberries. The fruit buyer was there, a man in a hair net explaining, “All we ask is that you don’t apply agro-chemicals.†The association members and the buyer weighed big, perfect goldenberries in clean, plastic trays, to take to the packing plant.

We talked with one of the members, Josefina Astudillo, who seemed pleased to be trying this new fruit crop. She guided us to her field, about a kilometer from the community center where the meeting was held. Doña Josefina proudly showed us her field where the fruit was ripening to a golden perfection. One woman could grow goldenberries by herself, but it takes a group to meet the buyer’s demand: 1,000 kilos a week, at a quality ready to export.

We also met Beatriz Padilla (Guadalupe’s sister), a small-scale dairy farmer, who leads 20 households as they pool their milk. The association sends a truck to each farm, collects the milk in big cans, transfers it to the group’s cold tank. Twice a day, about 1500 liters of milk is collected by two different buyers, including one who comes at 3 AM. It’s a lot of work. Doña Beatriz explained that she couldn’t do it without the group. She needs the other families so they can get a better price for their milk. A farmer with two cows has to take whatever price the dairy will give her. But an association can negotiate a price.

Margoth Naranjo is a woman in her 60s who has worked her whole adult life in associations, often in groups that included men as well. She started in her local parent-teachers’ association, helping to organize the children’s breakfast. Later, she was the secretary of a farmers’ insurance group, until she became the treasurer and then the president. Now, with the Corporation of Indigenous and Peasant Organizations (COIC), doña Margoth is helping several women’s organizations, which sell their own agroecological vegetables, to band together for added strength. Sadly, this work came to a standstill during the Covid lockdown, but doña Margoth has recently started organizing again.

All of the women’s leaders we met in Ecuador were part of a group. And each group was formed for a concrete purpose, whether for goldenberries, milk or vegetables. Like a good story, the groups were each about something, related to a dream they share: to have a quality product to sell, to improve their livelihoods.

And just as writing improves with practice, leadership sharpens with experience. The influential people we met said that any woman could be a leader if she joined a group and participated long enough.

Previous Agro-Insight blogs

Listening to what women don’t say

The goldenberry

Related videos

Women in extension

Farmers’ rights to seed: Experiences from Guatemala

Working together for healthy chicks

Helping women recover after childbirth

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Guadalupe Padilla and Sonia Zambrano for introducing us the farmers in Cotopaxi, and for sharing her knowledge with us. Thanks to Guadalupe and to Paul Van Mele for their valuable comments on a previous version of this blog. Guadalupe and Sonia work for EkoRural, an NGO. Our work was funded by the McKnight Foundation’s Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP).

¿DE QUÉ SE TRATA UNA ASOCIACIÓN DE MUJERES?

Por Jeff Bentley, 20 de marzo del 2022

Cuando escribes una historia, debes saber de qué trata. Según este viejo consejo, si sabes de qué trata tu historia, sabrás qué incluir y qué dejar fuera.

La Ing. Guadalupe Padilla organiza comunidades  en Ecuador, y me ha dicho que pertenecer a un grupo puede ayudar a las mujeres a adquirir experiencia de liderazgo. Las mujeres se convierten en lideresas cuando trabajan en grupo, no de forma aislada. Guadalupe ha ayudado a organizar varios grupos de este tipo. Al igual que una historia, el grupo tiene que tratar de algo. Tiene que tener un propósito, que puede estar tranquilamente relacionado con la agricultura.

Hace poco, en Cotopaxi, Ecuador, mientras yo trabajaba con Paul y Marcella para filmar un video sobre las organizaciones de mujeres, conocimos  a Juan Chillagana, vicepresidente de la junta parroquial. Como funcionario local electo, el Sr. Chillagana ha sido mentor de varias organizaciones de mujeres, cada una de ellas organizada en torno a un producto específico. Nos reunimos con él el 4 de febrero, en un encuentro con un grupo de mujeres que cultivan y exportan uvillas (uchuvas, o chiltos). El comprador de la fruta estaba allí, un hombre con su cabellera bien cubierta por una red. Explicó: “Todo lo que pedimos es que no apliquen agroquímicos”. Los miembros de la asociación y el comprador pesaron grandes y perfectas uvillas en bandejas de plástico limpias, para llevarlas a la planta de envasado.

Hablamos con una de las socias, Josefina Astudillo, que parecía encantada de probar este nuevo cultivo de fruta. Nos llevó hasta su campo, a un kilómetro de la sede comunitaria donde se celebraba la reunión. Doña Josefina nos mostró con orgullo su campo, donde su dorada fruta estaba madurándose a la perfección. Una sola mujer podría cultivar uvillas por sí sola, pero se necesita un grupo para satisfacer la demanda de los compradores: 1.000 kilos a la semana, con una calidad lista para exportar.

También conocimos a Beatriz Padilla (hermana de Guadalupe), pequeña productora de leche, que lidera 20 hogares que acopian su leche para venderla como grupo. La asociación envía un camión a cada granja, recoge la leche en grandes botes y la traslada al tanque de frío del grupo. Dos veces al día, dos distintos compradores recogen unos 1.500 litros de leche, incluido uno que viene a las 3 de la madrugada. Es mucho trabajo. Doña Beatriz explica que no podría hacerlo sin el grupo. Necesita a las otras familias para poder obtener un mejor precio por su leche. Una persona con dos vacas tiene que aceptar el precio que le dé la procesadora de leche. En cambio, una asociación puede negociar un mejor precio.

Margoth Naranjo es una mujer de 60 años que ha trabajado toda su vida adulta en asociaciones, a menudo en grupos que incluían también a los hombres. Empezó en la asociación local de padres de familia, ayudando a organizar el desayuno escolar. Más tarde, fue secretaria del Seguro Campesino, hasta llegar a ser la tesorera y luego la presidenta. Ahora, con la Corporación de Organizaciones Indígenas y Campesinas (COIC), doña Margoth está ayudando a varias organizaciones de mujeres, que venden sus propias verduras agroecológicas, a agruparse para tener más fuerza. Lamentablemente, este trabajo se paralizó durante el cierre de Covid, pero doña Margoth ha vuelto a organizarse recientemente.

Todas las mujeres líderes que conocimos en Ecuador formaban parte de un grupo. Y cada grupo se formó con un propósito concreto, ya sea para obtener fruta, leche o verduras. Como una buena historia, cada grupo trataba de algo, relacionado a un sueño conjunto: como tener un excelente producto para vender, para vivir mejor.

Y al igual que la redacción mejora con la práctica, el liderazgo es pulida con la experiencia. Las personas influyentes que conocimos decían que cualquier mujer podría llegar a ser líder si se unía a un grupo y participaba el tiempo suficiente.

Previamente en el blog de Agro-Insight

Listening to what women don’t say

El chilto, cultivo y maleza

Videos relacionados

Las mujeres en la extensión

Derechos de los agricultores a la semilla: Guatemala

Trabajando juntos por polillos sanos

Helping women recover after childbirth

Agradecimientos

Gracias a Guadalupe Padilla y Sonia Zambrano por presentarnos a la gente de Cotopaxi, por compartir su conocimiento con nosotros. Gracias a Guadalupe y a Paul Van Mele por sus valiosos comentarios sobre una versión previa de este blog. Guadalupe y Sonia trabajan para EkoRural, una ONG. Nuestro trabajo fue financiado por Programa Colaborativo de Investigación de Cultivos (CCRP) de la Fundación McKnight.

Soil for a living planet January 30th, 2022 by

In a refreshingly optimistic book, The Soil Will Save Us, Kristin Ohlson explains how agriculture could stop emitting carbon, and instead remove it from the air and place it in the soil.

Soil life is complex. A teaspoon of soil may harbor between one and seven billion living things. Microorganisms like fungi and bacteria give mineral nutrients to plants in exchange for carbon-rich sugars. Predatory protozoa and nematodes (worms) then eat the fungi and bacteria, releasing the nutrients from their bodies back to the soil.

When people add chemical fertilizer to the soil, these living things die, essentially starved to death as the plants no longer need to interact with them. The plants become dependent on chemical fertilizer. Reading this in Ohlson’s book reminded me of farmers in Honduras and around the world, who have been telling me for over 30 years that soil quickly “becomes used to,†or “accustomed†to chemical fertilizers. Local knowledge is often ahead of the science.

When soil is plowed, it loses some of its carbon. The plow lets in air that binds with the carbon to become C02, which rises into the atmosphere. Plowed soil is broken, and more prone to erosion than natural, plant-covered earth. One of the many people Ohlson interviewed for her book, innovative North Dakota farmer Gabe Brown, grows a biodiverse mix of cover crops, including grasses and legumes. But instead of harvesting these crops, Brown lets his cows graze on them. Then he drills corn (maize) or other cash crops into the soil, instead of plowing it. No chemical fertilizers are applied. This soil is productive, while saving labor and expense, and absorbing carbon instead of giving it off. This healthy soil holds more water than plowed soil, so the crops resist droughts. Brown developed this system working with Innovative scientists like Jay Furhrer and Kristine Nichols of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), an example of the power of collaborative research.

Brown is not the only farmer trying to conserve the soil, but when Ohlson was writing about a decade ago, only 4.3% of US farmland was enrolled in any kind of government land conservation program.

Encouraging more farmers to conserve the soil will require public universities to do more research on no-till farming i.e., forsaking the plow and encouraging cover crops and livestock grazing to boost soil fertility. Universities have to stop accepting grants from companies that produce the chemical fertilizer, the pesticides and the genetically modified crop seeds that tolerate them. Accepting corporate money diverts university research into chemical farming, even though taxpayers still pay the faculty members’ salaries and society pays the price for soils becoming unproductive in the long-term.

Fortunately, there is much that we can all do at home, in gardens, parks and even lawns. The biggest irrigated crop in the United States is not maize, but lawns, which take up three times as much space as corn. Lawns can be managed without chemicals: fertilized with compost, while clover and other legumes can be planted among the grass to improve the soil. Families can make compost at home and fertilize the garden with it. City parks can also sequester carbon. The Battery Park in Manhattan is fertilized entirely with compost and compost tea (a liquid compost).

I was encouraged by this book. Agriculture could be the solution to climate change, and even help to cool the planet, rather than being a major contributor to the problem.

Get involved

In 2015, just after Ohlson’s book was published, some 60 people from 21 countries met in Costa Rica and formed Regenerative Agriculture, an international movement united around a common goal: to reverse global warming and end world hunger by facilitating and accelerating the global transition to regenerative agriculture and land management. Click here to find a partner organization in your area.

Further reading

Ohlson, Kristin 2014 The Soil Will Save Us: How Scientists, Farmers and Foodies Are Healing the Soil to Save the Planet. New York: Rodale. 242 pp.

Related Agro-Insight blogs

Hügelkultur

Capturing carbon in our soils

Community and microbes

Living Soil: A film review

A revolution for our soil

Out of space

Videos on how to improve the soil

See some of the many videos on soil management hosted by Access Agriculture.

 

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