A memorable poster catches the eye, conveys a simple message and makes you think. Achieving all this demands careful planning and good design, balancing content with visual impact. Too much information and the passer-by moves on, having failed to get the full message. Too little information and the viewer leaves unsatisfied, wondering what the point of poster was. When you know who you are writing for, it is easier to know what to include and what to leave out.
Armyworm is a generic term describing the tendency of some caterpillars to congregate in large numbers, chomping like hungry troops through crops. The African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta, has been around for a long time, causing lots of damage on cereals. Now a new species has made the journey from the Americas to Africa, where it is causing high alarm. S. frugiperda, known as the fall armyworm, has recently been recorded from most of sub-Saharan Africa and will doubtless spread to more countries that grow maize, the fall armywormâs favourite crop.
Scientists have been quick to respond to the arrival of the fall armyworm, first recorded in Sao Tomé in 2016, and soon after in southern Africa. FAO have held meetings in recent months in Harare, Nairobi and Accra to bring interested parties together, marshal resources and make plans for combatting this new pest. Unlike other new diseases which have appeared in Africa, such as banana bacterial wilt, a lot is already known about the fall armyworm and control strategies are well established.
CABI has produced an attractive poster showing the life cycle and damage caused by fall armyworm on maize. The poster appears to be part of a general campaign to raise awareness of key features of the new pest, though details of the campaign are sketchy. The poster has attractive drawings and clear information, yet the more I looked, the more questions I had.
I noticed some curious omissions. There is no date on the graphic and no contact details, such as an email address or a website. The scientific name of the fall armyworm is not given. But my main question concerned the target audience: extensionists or farmers? Both? Scientists?
Some hints are given by the layout. The circular cutaways and links to the far left hand column of text, running from bottom to top, would confuse a low-literate audience. An understanding of the insectâs life cycle is essential for designing a control programme, yet do extension officers, for whom this poster appears intended, need all this information?
These questions reminded me of my first effort at designing a poster for Sumatra disease of cloves in Indonesia (see earlier blog). I assembled photographs of the symptoms and the insect vector, a planthopper called Hindola, my own drawing showing the spread of the disease in a plantation, and a cartoon of the insect feeding on the branches. The photos and drawings were accompanied by short bits of text explaining key features of the disease.
I was rather proud of my efforts until a visiting project evaluator, Caroline OâReilly, asked me who the poster was for and what it aimed to do. My stumbling answers revealed that I hadnât thought through these key questions. Before writing anything, the author must first decide who the story (or the poster) is for. Since then Iâve also learned the importance of validating all extension material with the people it is intended for, whether it is a poster or a fact sheet. The gulf between scientists who have never farmed or who have long since left their rural childhood behind, and the extension workers and farmers who live and breathe agriculture, is easy to ignore.
Posters can have great power, as shown in a brilliant example from a 1970s British health education campaign to promote better contraception. Oneâs attention is immediately caught by the swollen belly, looking remarkably like an advanced pregnancy, except that itâs a man in the picture. The statement in bold makes its point concisely before adding a clever punchline â contraception is one of the facts of life.
When I teach people how to produce extension material I emphasise the need to put yourself in someone elseâs shoes. What does someone need to know? Depending on the audience itâs either: âThink like a farmer, act like an extension agentâ; or âThink like an extension agent, act like a scientistâ. The reason why the contraception poster works so well is because those designing it clearly understood the irresponsible ways of men. The poster designers also understood the power of simplicity.
The Health Education Council had a clear mandate to improve health outcomes in the UK. The pregnant man poster sought to change attitudes and behaviours, and was part of a wider campaign aimed at reducing unwanted pregnancies, particularl y amongst teenage women. It is less clear how the fall armyworm poster will reduce the impact of this new pest. Raising awareness about the biology and damage caused is a useful first step, but further posters are needed as part of a coordinated campaign that directly targets farmers and tells them how to manage this new threat to maize production.
Click here for a full copy of the fall armyworm poster.
Further reading
Bentley, Jeffery W. & Eric Boa 2013 âThe Snowman Outline: Fact Sheets by Extensionists for Farmers.â Development in Practice 23(3):440-448.
Related blogs
Ethical agriculture (discusses clove disease)
The rules and the players (validating fact sheets)
Chemical attitude adjustment (validating fact sheets)